Education (Academic Qualifications)
- Bachelor of Social Sciences (Filosofie kandidatexamen) June 21, 1973, Umeå University, Sweden (Political Science)
- Master of Social Science, May 30, 1974, Umeå University, Sweden (Political Science)
- Research Course in Social Intelligence, March 3, 1977, Research Policy Program, University of Lund, Sweden
- Yhteiskuntatieteiden lisensiaatin tutkinto, September 13, 1978, Tampereen Yliopisto, Valtio-oppi (yleinen linja), Non sine laude approbatur, Sociologia approbatur
- Yhteiskuntatieteiden tohtori, February 2, 1980, Tampereen Yliopisto, Valtio-oppi
Docent at Tampere University (Political Science, especially Comparative Political Studies), Åbo Akademi (Political Science, especially African Political Studies) and Helsinki University (Political Science, especially Comparative Political Studies) an Docent Lectures often in African Political Studies at Åbo akademi mostly.