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Evig säkerhet?
Nu för tiden hävdar många kristna att så snart som någon verkligen blivit född på nytt så kan denne aldrig gå förlorad, oavsett vad som än händer. Det förekommer tre vanligen använda termer för att uttrycka den synen. Den på engelska förmodligen mest kända är "OSAS" ("once saved always saved", "en gång frälst alltid frälst"). En annan är "evig säkerhet". Men den term som är vanligast bland kalvinister är nog "de heligas bevarande" ("perserverance of the saints"). Få evangeliskt och fundamentalistiskt kristna inser att OSAS utgör minioritetsuppfattningen bland kristna idag. Den företräds närmast enbart bland Presbyterianer, Baptister, och bland några ej samfundsanslutna grupperingar med rötter i några av des här nämnda två samfunden. OSAS avfärdas bland majoriteten av kristna. Men, vad som kan komma som en stor chock för somliga är att OSAS är en ny lära som var okänd före John Calvin. Under kristendomens första 1500 åren, trodde kristna genomgående att det var fullt möjligt för troende att avfalla och gå evigt förlorade om de inte höll ut i sin tro till slutet. Så här uttryckte sig John Wesley: "vadhelst som är sant är inte nytt; vadhelst som är nytt är inte sant. " Den ortodoxa synen från den tidiga församlingen
till Luther. "And to as many as continue in their love towards God, does He grant communion with Him. But communion with God is life and light, and the enjoyment of all the benefits which He has in store. But on as many as, according to their own choice, depart from God. He inflicts that separation from Himself which they have chosen of their own accord. But separation from God is death, and separation from light is darkness; and separation from God consists in the loss of all the benefits which He has in store. Those, therefore, who cast away by apostasy these forementioned things, being in fact destitute of all good, do experience every kind of punishment. God, however, does not punish them immediately of Himself, but that punishment falls upon them because they are destitute of all that is good. Now, good things are eternal and without end with God, and therefore the loss of these is also eternal and never-ending. It is in this matter just as occurs in the case of a flood of light: those who have blinded themselves, or have been blinded by others, are for ever deprived of the enjoyment of light. It is not, [however], that the light has inflicted upon them the penalty of blindness, but it is that the blindness itself has brought calamity upon them: and therefore the Lord declared, “He that believeth in Me is not condemned,” that is, is not separated from God, for he is united to God through faith. On the other hand, He says, “He that believeth not is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only-begotten Son of God;” that is, he separated himself from God of his own accord. “For this is the condemnation, that light is come into this world, and men have loved darkness rather than light. For every one who doeth evil hateth the light, and cometh not to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that he has wrought them in God.”" (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, Book V, XXVII, 2) Fastän predestinationsläran började undervisas under det 5:e århundradet i och med St. Augustinus så trodde ändå inte ens Augustinus att det gavs någon garanti för de heligas bevarande. Han lärde att man inte kunde vara säker på om man mottagit "bevarandets gåva" förrän efter döden. Augustinus lärde att sanna kristna oupphörligen skulle bedja att Gud skulle ge dem nåden att bli bevaras till slutet, och att en del kristna INTE skulle komma att bevaras utan gå förlorade. Här kommer två utdrag ur St. Augustinus läroskrift "Angående bevarandets gåva." "I have now to consider the subject of perseverance with greater care; for in the former book also I said some things on this subject when I was discussing the beginning of faith. I assert, therefore, that the perseverance by which we persevere in Christ even to the end is the gift of God; and I call that the end by which is finished that life wherein alone there is peril of falling. Therefore it is uncertain whether any one has received this gift so long as he is still alive. For if he fall before he dies, he is, of course, said not to have persevered; and most truly is it said. How, then, should he be said to have received or to have had perseverance who has not persevered? For if any one have continence, and fall away from that virtue and become incontinent, - or, in like manner, if he have righteousness, if patience, if even faith, and fall away, he is rightly said to have had these virtues and to have them no longer; for he was continent, or he was righteous, or he was patient, or he was believing, as long as he was so; but when he ceased to be so, he no longer is what he was. But how should he who Has not persevered have ever been persevering, since it is only by persevering that any one shows himself persevering, - and this he has not done? But lest any one should object to this, and say, If from the time at which any one became a believer he has lived - for the sake of argument - ten years, and in the midst of them has fallen from the faith, has he not persevered for five years? I am not contending about words. If it be thought that this also should be called perseverance, as it were for so long as it lasts, assuredly he is not to be said to have had in any degree that perseverance of which we are now discoursing, by which one perseveres in Christ even to the end. And the believer of one year, or of a period as much shorter as may be conceived of, if he has lived faithfully until he died, has rather had this perseverance than the believer of many years’ standing, if a little time before his death he has fallen away from the steadfastness of his faith." "But, on the other hand, “of his own will a man forsakes God, so as to be deservedly forsaken by God.” Who would deny this? But it is for that reason we ask not to be led into temptation, so that this may not happen. And if we are heard, certainly it does not happen, because God does not allow it to happen. For nothing comes to pass except what either He Himself does, or Himself allows to be done. Therefore He is powerful both to turn wills from evil to good, and to convert those that are inclined to fall, or to direct them into a way pleasing to Himself. For to Him it is not said in vain, “O God, Thou shalt turn again and quicken us;” it is not vainly said, “Give not my foot to be moved;” it is not vainly said, “Give me not over, O Lord, from my desire to the sinner;” finally, not to mention many passages, since probably more may occur to you, it is not vainly said, “Lead us not into temptation.” For whoever is not led into temptation, certainly is not led into the temptation of his own evil will; and he who is not led into the temptation of his own evil will, is absolutely led into no temptation. For “every one is tempted,” as it is written, “when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed;” “but God tempteth no man,” - that is to say, with a hurtful temptation. For temptation is moreover beneficial by which we are not deceived or overwhelmed, but proved, according to that which is said, “Prove me, O Lord, and try me.” Therefore, with that hurtful temptation which the apostle signifies when he says, “Lost by some means the tempter have tempted you, and our labor be in vain,” “God tempteth no man,” as I have said, - that is, He brings or leads no one into temptation. For to be tempted and not to be led into temptation is not evil, - nay, it is even good; for this it is to be proved. When, therefore, we say to God, “Lead us not into temptation,” what do we say but, “Permit us not to be led”? Whence some pray in this manner, and it is read in many codices, and the most blessed Cyprian thus uses it: “Do not suffer us to be led into temptation.” In the Greek gospel, however, I have never found it otherwise than, “Lead us not into temptation.” We live, therefore, more securely if we give up the whole to God, and do not entrust ourselves partly to Him and partly to ourselves, as that venerable martyr saw. For when he would expound the same clause of the prayer, he says among other things, “But when we ask that we may not come into temptation, we are reminded of our infirmity and weakness while we thus ask, lest any should insolently vaunt himself, - lest any should proudly and arrogantly assume anything to himself, - lest any should take to himself the glory either of confession or suffering as his own; since the Lord Himself, teaching humility, said, ‘Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation; the Spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.’ So that when a humble and submissive confession comes first and all is attributed to God, whatever is sought for suppliantly, with the fear of God, may be granted by His own loving-kindness.”" (Augustine, On the Gift of Perseverance, Ch. I, XII) Sammanfattningsvis så lärde Augustinus att sanna kristna alltid borde fortsätta med att bedja om bevarandets gåva, och att först efter det att de avslutat sina liv, trogna intill döden, var det avgjort huruvida de blivit bevarade. Bevarandet var något helt skilt ifrån pånyttfödelsen genom Anden. Det var enligt Augustinus teologi möjligt för pånyttfödda kristna att falla ifrån, och att därmed gå förlorade. Följaktligen så kommer därför inte alla pånyttfödda kristna att i slutändan ingå bland de "utvalda". Att även sanna kristna kunde falla ifrån och komma att gå evigt förlorade var den allmänna synen hos de kristna skribenterna före Calvin. Också Martin Luther, som av Kalvinisterna räknades som en av deras egna, räknade med att en kristen kunde falla ifrån på grund av sin otro. Här återges några citat, med början från Luthers kommentar till Herrens bön. "Inled oss inte i frestelse." "We have now heard enough what toil and labor is required to retain all that for which we pray, and to persevere therein, which, however, is not achieved without infirmities and stumbling. Besides, although we have received forgiveness and a good conscience and are entirely acquitted, yet is our life of such a nature that one stands to-day and to-morrow falls. Therefore, even though we be godly now and stand before God with a good conscience, we must pray again that He would not suffer us to relapse and yield to trials and temptations. ... Then comes the devil, inciting and provoking in all directions, but especially agitating matters that concern the conscience and spiritual affairs, namely, to induce us to despise and disregard both the Word and works of God to tear us away from faith, hope, and love and bring us into misbelief, false security, and obduracy, or, on the other hand, to despair, denial of God, blasphemy, and innumerable other shocking things. These are indeed snares and nets, yea, real fiery darts which are shot most venomously into the heart, not by flesh and blood, but by the devil. Great and grievous, indeed, are these dangers and temptations which every Christian must bear, even though each one were alone by himself, so that every hour that we are in this vile life where we are attacked on all sides, chased and hunted down, we are moved to cry out and to pray that God would not suffer us to become weary and faint and to relapse into sin, shame, and unbelief. For otherwise it is impossible to overcome even the least temptation. This, then, is leading us not into temptation, to wit, when He gives us power and strength to resist, the temptation, however, not being taken away or removed. For while we live in the flesh and have the devil about us, no one can escape temptation and allurements; and it cannot be otherwise than that we must endure trials, yea, be engulfed in them; but we pray for this, that we may not fall and be drowned in them." (Martin Luther, Large Catechism XII, On the Lord's Prayer, 6th Petition). "Through baptism these people threw out unbelief, had their unclean way of life washed away, and entered into a pure life of faith and love. Now they fall away into unbelief" (Martin Luther, Commentary on 2 Peter 2:22). "Verse 4, "Ye are fallen from grace." That means you are no longer in the kingdom or condition of grace. When a person on board ship falls into the sea and is drowned it makes no difference from which end or side of the ship he falls into the water. Those who fall from grace perish no matter how they go about it. ... The words, "Ye are fallen from grace," must not be taken lightly. They are important. To fall from grace means to lose the atonement, the forgiveness of sins, the righteousness, liberty, and life which Jesus has merited for us by His death and resurrection. To lose the grace of God means to gain the wrath and judgment of God, death, the bondage of the devil, and everlasting condemnation." (Martin Luther, Commentary on Galatians, 5:4). Kalvinism Baptister
& Evig säkerhet Romerskt
Katolska Kyrkan På grund av det uppenbara sambandet som finns inom RCC tänkande mellan "gärningar" och individens frälsning så antar baptister och kalvinister att vemhelst som tror att kristna kan lämna Gud och gå förlorad också därför måste undervisa ett gärningsbaserat frälsningsbudskap. Det antagandet är emellertid som vi skall se i en följande artikel felaktigt. Den
Bibliska Synen Nu kanske någon antar att det här innebär att man aldrig kan lämna Gud. Men det är inte fallet. Många bibelställen visar ju på att verkliga kristna kan gå förlorade, Hur då? Genom OTRO. Man måste tro evangelium för att kunna bli frälst, och man måste förbli i tron för att förbli "i Kristus". Det är inte mer komplicerat än så. Gärningar bidrar inte till att vi kommer till tro, inte heller bidrar de till att vi förblir i tron. Det kristna livet börjar med tro och det fortsätter genom tro hela vägen. Detta är bara vad som undervisas uttryckligt i Skriften. I den följande serien av artiklar kommer vi att redovisa evidensen härför så att du själv kan bedöma hur det förhåller sig med den saken. OSAS må ha en del Bibelord som kan tyckas ge stöd för läran, men det finns också åtskilliga andra bibelord som är klart oförenliga med läran. På liknande sätt kan RCC hänvisa till några verser i Jakobs brev till stöd för sin lära, medan det ändå finns åtskilliga verser som tydligt motsäger RCC:s frälsningsundervisning. Sanningen kan endast nås genom att man harmoniserar allt vad Skriften undervisar i ämnet. Den syn som presenteras i de här artiklarna bevarar fullständigt tanken på att frälsningen tas emot, genom tro utan gärningar. Där inkluderas också Skriftens många varningsord att inte avfalla från Gud. Frälsning av nåd genom tro, utgör hjärtat i Evangeliets budskap. Medan det eviga livet är en fri gåva av Guds nåd, så tas det emot och levs av individen genom tro. En människa kan inte på något vis frälsa sig själv, men hon kan erhålla nåd från Gud genom att när hon dras därtill av Guds Ande välja att bara acceptera erbjudandet om frälsningen genom Kristi blod. Det är genom att utöva sin vilja som hon genom tron besvarar Guds kallelse. Tro är att enkelt förlita sig på vad Gud har sagt och att vila på löftet. Den som är frälst av Guds nåd genom tron, förblir också i frälsningen genom att fortsätta att tro på evangeliet under hela sitt kristna liv. Att tro innebär ingen ansträngning från vår sida. Vi besvarar och överlämnar oss helt enkelt till Andens dragande kraft. Sann tro är att förtrösta på Guds löften, inte att hålla fast vid dem genom gärningar eller egna meriter. Det är därför uppenbart att ett fortsatt fasthållande av tron genom livet inte kräver någon ansträngning, bara ett fortsatt vilande i Kristi fullbordade verk. Ta inte miste. Varningarna i Guds Ord är verkliga. I t.ex. Joh. 15:1-7, blev lärjungarna upprepade ggr varnade av Jesus, till att förbli "i Kristus". För de som inte aktar på varningarna så kommer utgången att bli att "kastas i elden". Många andra Bibelord innehåller liknande varningar. I den tidiga församlingen finner vi följande syn. "Därför att när en själ som är förenad med Kristus överger sin tro, så överlämnas den till förblivande död, som innebär evigt straff." (Hippolytus, Om Daniel, vi.). Vi kommer till Gud genom tron, men det är likaså genom otro som någon lämnar Gud. Genom att hålla fast vid tron bevaras vi till slutet. Men genom otro så kan vi lämna Gud och bli evigt fördömda. Jesus undervisade om att det i den yttersta tiden skulle bli många som skulle komma att överge tron. Paulus kallade detta för "avfallet". Vi behöver vara väl förtrogna med Skriftens undervisning angående säkerheten i Kristus, eftersom det föreligger en verklig fara för att avfalla från tron. Matt 24:9-13
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